Author: Arco Iris Santos

Transparency and accountability are key measures in the fight against corruption, often referred to as “vertical enforcement”. Vertical enforcement focuses on a top-down approach, where governing bodies or oversight agencies monitor and act upon violations. This differs from “horizontal enforcement”, which involves peer-level accountability among organisations working collectively to ensure

Due to the ambiguity of the definition and lack of tailored training, even with policies and reporting mechanisms in place, reports of facilitation payments may be non-existent. However, that does not mean these payments are not occurring. It is often a matter of how to Identify Facilitation Payments. In an